Participle

A present participle has the "-ing" ending.

Take present action formed by the infinitive plus -ing

Basically take any present tense verb like "study" and add "-ing" to it.   I am studying grammar. The dog is barking at me. John was playing the guitar this afternoon. "Studying, barking, and playing" all present continuous state of action accompanied by the auxiliary verb "to be."  Now the auxiliary verb can either be in the present, past, or future tense, but what is important in identifying the present participle is the base verb plus the added suffix  -ing .  Also, verbs of movement and position such as went, came, and lay precede the present participle. They went fishing. She came attacking me. He lay sleeping on the beach. To determine if a present participle is used as an adjective:  Take the present tense verb like "disappoint," add the -ing, and position it in front of the noun it’s modifying. It is a disappointing grade.  Here "disappointing " describes grade (a noun), so it acts like an adjective.  In addition, the present participle does not always need to be in the front of the noun it’s modifying such as: Last semester, my grade was disappointing. Here you can ask yourself:  What is disappointing? My grade! And there you pointed out the adjective describing grade. Below, there are some common present participles used as adjectives.  You noticed how the adjectives are emotionally charged words: amusing boring charming disappointing disgusting exciting frightening interesting overwhelming pleasing shocking surprising threatening To summarize, you can identify an adjectival participle if the participle is acting like an adjective modifying a noun.  The participle is usually in front of the noun it's modifying just like a regular adjective.   On the other hand, a present participle acts like a verb if it is always preceded by a present, past, or future auxiliary verb "to be" or other linking verbs indicating a continuous/progressive state of action.

Perfect Passive Participles - Presentation Transcript

1. Perfect Passive Participles An adjective made from a verb
2. P.P.P.
• Perfect : it has already happened
• Passive : action has happened to the noun
• Participle : an adjective made from a verb
3. The 4 th principal part of a verb
• Portatus – carried, having been carried
• Doctus – taught, having been taught
• Missus – sent, having been sent
• Captus – seized, having been seized
• Auditus – heard, having been heard
4. In a sentence…
• It acts like any other adjective, describing a noun or as a substantive
• Agrees in case, number, and gender with any noun in the sentence
• BUT it can be accompanied by prepositional phrases between the noun and participle
5. Translate:
• Mater liberorum amissorum ad casam properabat.
• Mater liberorum in silv ā amissorum ad casam properabat.
6. Ablative of agent
• a / ab in a prepositional phrase with anything passive takes on the meaning by
• This use of ab with a passive is called ablative of agent
• It expresses the doer/agent of the action
7. Translate:
• Rex captus servos liberavit.
• Rex a barbaris captus servos liberavit.
8. Translate:
• Verba facta audietis.
• Verba a magistr ā facta audietis.
9. Translate:
• In vi ā munitā ambulabimus.
• In vi ā a Romanis munitā ambulabimus.
10. Other Participles
• There are also present active participles:
• In English: the jumping frog
• In Latin these are made by adding –ns (genitive: -ntis) to the present stem of verbs
• They are declined as 3 rd declension adjectives
• Rana ambulans equum currentem vidit.
11. Other Participles
• There are also future active participles:
• In English: the frog about to jump
• In Latin these are made by adding –ur- before the ending of the p.p.p.
• They are declined as 1 st -2 nd declension adjectives
• Rana ambulaturus equum cursurum vidit.
12. The Mystery
• Have you noticed that some verbs list the future active participle instead of the p.p.p. as the 4 th principal part?
• Why do some verbs not have a p.p.p ?
• Extra credit bonus points if you email me the answer.
13. Translating participles in clauses
• Instead of translating a p.p.p. as having been carried you can turn that one word into a whole clause using one of the following words to start it:
• Who
• When
• After
• Since
• Because
• Although
14. Aspect of time
• When participles are translated as clauses, they take on aspect of time.
• They only exist relative to the tense of the main verb in the sentence.
• Past participles have happened before the main verb.
• Present participles happen at the same time as the main verb.
• Future participles will happen after the main verb.
15. Translate:
• Rex a barbaris captus servos liberavit.
• The king, after he had been captured by the foreigners , freed the slaves.
• The king, since he had been captured by the foreigners , freed the slaves.
• The king, although he had been captured by the foreigners , freed the slaves.
• The king, who had been captured by the foreigners , freed the slaves.