Sabtu, 15 September 2012

Kompenen Dasar Komunikasi


KOMPONEN DASAR KOMUNIKASI

Dari bermacam-macam model komunikasi yang telah dikemukakan di atas kelihatan bahwa ada bermacam-macam komponen atau elemen dalam proses komunikasi. Kadang-kadang untuk komponen yang sama digunakan istilah yang berbeda seperti halnya ada yang menggunakan istilah informasi dan pesan untuk menyatakan komponen pesan yang dikirimkan dan begitu juga ada yang memakai istilah sender dan source untuk menyatakan orang yang mengirimkan pesan. Walaupun demikian dapat disimpulkan mana diantara bermacam-macam komponen itu yang merupakan komponen dasar komunikasi. Dalam hal ini ada empat komponen yang cenderung sama yaitu : orang yangmengirimkan pesan, pesan yang akan dikirimkan, saluran atau jalan yang dilalui pesan dari si pengirim kepada si penerima, dan si penerima pesan. Karena komunikasi merupakan proses dua arah atau timbal balik maka komponen balikan perlu ada dalam proses komunikasi. Dengan demikian, komponen dasar komunikasi ada lima, yaitu : pengirim pesan, pesan, saluran, penerima pesan dan balikan. Masing-masing komponen tersebut akan dijelaskan kembali secara ringkas.

1. Pengirim Pesan
Pengirim pesan adalah individu atau orang yang mengirim pesan. Pesan atau informasi yang akan dikirimkan berasal dari otak si pengirim pesan. Oleh sebab itu sebelum pengirim mengirimkan pesan, si pengirim harus menciptakan dulu pesan yang akan dikirimkannya. Menciptakan pesan adalah menentukan arti apa yang akan dikirimkan kemudian menyandikan/encode arti tersebut ke dalam suatu pesan. Sesudah itu baru dikirim melalui saluran.

2. Pesan
Pesan adalah informasi yang akan dikirimkan kepada si penerima. Pesan ini dapat berupa verbal maupun nonverbal. Pesan secara verbal dapat secara tertulis seperti surat, buku, majalah, memo, sedangkan pesan yang secara lisan dapat berupa percakapan tatap muka, percakapan melalui telepon, radio dan sebagainya. Pesan yang nonverbal dapat berupa isyarat gerakan badan, ekspresi muka, dan nada suara.

3. Saluran
Saluran adalah jalan yang dilalui pesan dari si pengirim dengan si penerima. Channel yang biasa dalam komunikasi adalah gelombang cahaya dan suara yang dapat kita lihat dan dengar. Akan tetapi alat dengan apa cahaya atau suara itu berpindah mungkin berbeda-beda. Misalnya bila dua orang berbicara tatap muka gelombang suara dan cahaya di udara berfungsi sebagai saluran. Tetapi jika pembicaraan itu melalui surat yang dikirimkan, maka gelombang cahaya sebagai saluran yang memungkinkan kita dapat melihat huruf pada surat tersebut. Kertas dan tulisan itu sendiri adalah sebagai alat untuk menyampaikan pesan. Kita dapat menggunakan bermacam-macam alat untuk menyampaikan pesan seperti buku, radio, film, televisi, surat kabar tetapi saluran pokoknya adalah gelombang suara dan cahaya. Di samping itu kita juga dapat menerima pesan melalui lat indera penciuman, alat pengecap dan peraba.

4. Penerima Pesan
Penerima pesan adalah yang menganalisis dan menginterpretasikan isi pesan yang diterimanya. Tugas dari si penerima sudah dijelaskan sebelumnya pada bagian B.

5. Balikan
Balikan adalah respons terhadap suatu pesan yang diterima yang dikirimkan kepada si pengirim pesan. Dengan diberikannya reaksi ini kepada si pengirim, pengirim akan dapat mengetahui apakah pesan yang dikirimkan tersebut diinterpretasikan sama dengan apa yang dimaksudkan oleh si pengirim. Bila arti pesan yang dimaksudkan oleh si pengirim diinterpretasikan sama oleh si penerima berarti komunikasi tersebut efektif.
Seringkali respons yang diberikan tidak seperti yang diharapkan oleh si pengirim karena si penerima pesan kurang tepat dalam menginterpretasikan pesan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya factor-faktor dalam diri si penerima yang mempengaruhi dalam pemberian arti pesan seperti telah disebutkan dalam model Berlo.

Jumat, 14 September 2012

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Theme : Novel Analysis
Book Title : Uncle Tom's Cabin
Author : Harriet Beecher Stowe
Analyzed  by : Hariratuz Zakiya'


CHAPTER I
PLOT ANALYSIS OF “UNCLE TOM’S CABIN”
1.      Exposition
Having run up large debtsa Kentucky farmer named Arthur Shelby faces the prospect of losing everything he owns. Though he and his wife, Emily Shelby, have a kindhearted and affectionate relationship with their slaves, Shelby decides to raise money by selling two of his slaves to Mr. Haley, a coarse slave trader. The slaves in question are Uncle Tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children on the farm, and Harry, the young son of Mrs. Shelby’s maid Eliza. When Shelby tells his wife about his agreement with Haley, she is appalled because she has promised Eliza that Shelby would not sell her son.

However, Eliza overhears the conversation between Shelby and his wife and, after warning Uncle Tom and his wife, Aunt Chloe, she takes Harry and flees to the North, hoping to find freedom with her husband George in Canada. Haley pursues her, but two other Shelby slaves alert Eliza to the danger. She miraculously evades capture by crossing the half-frozen Ohio River, the boundary separating Kentucky from the North. Haley hires a slave hunter named Loker and his gang to bring Eliza and Harry back to Kentucky. Eliza and Harry make their way to a Quaker settlement, where the Quakers agree to help transport them to safety. They are joined at the settlement by George, who reunites joyously with his family for the trip to Canada.

2.      Raising Conflict
Meanwhile, Uncle Tom sadly leaves his family and Mas’r George, Shelby’s young son and Tom’s friend, as Haley takes him to a boat on the Mississippi to be transported to a slave market. On the boat, Tom meets an angelic little white girl named Eva, who quickly befriends him. When Eva falls into the river, Tom dives in to save her, and her father, Augustine St. Clare, gratefully agrees to buy Tom from Haley. Tom travels with the St. Clares to their home in New Orleans, where he grows increasingly invaluable to the St. Clare household and increasingly close to Eva, with whom he shares a devout Christianity.
Up North, George and Eliza remain in flight from Loker and his men. When Loker attempts to capture them, George shoots him in the side, and the other slave hunters retreat. Eliza convinces George and the Quakers to bring Loker to the next settlement, where he can be healed. Meanwhile, in New Orleans, St. Clare discusses slavery with his cousin Ophelia, who opposes slavery as an institution but harbors deep prejudices against blacks. St. Clare, by contrast, feels no hostility against blacks but tolerates slavery because he feels powerless to change it. To help Ophelia overcome her bigotry, he buys Topsy, a young black girl who was abused by her past master and arranges for Ophelia to begin educating her.

3.      Climax
After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years, Eva grows very ill. She slowly weakens, then dies, with a vision of heaven before her. Her death has a profound effect on everyone who knew her: Ophelia resolves to love the slaves, Topsy learns to trust and feel attached to others, and St. Clare decides to set Tom free. However, before he can act on his decision, St. Clare is stabbed to death while trying to settle a brawl. As he dies, he at last finds God and goes to be reunited with his mother in heaven.
St. Clare’s cruel wife, Marie, sells Tom to a vicious plantation owner named Simon Legree. Tom is taken to rural Louisiana with a group of new slaves, including Emmeline, whom the demonic Legree has purchased to use as a sex slave, replacing his previous sex slave Cassy. Legree takes a strong dislike to Tom when Tom refuses to whip a fellow slave as ordered. Tom receives a severe beating, and Legree resolves to crush his faith in God. Tom meets Cassy, and hears her story. Separated from her daughter by slavery, she became pregnant again but killed the child because she could not stand to have another child taken from her.


4.      End
Around this time, with the help of Tom Loker—now a changed man after being healed by the Quakers—George, Eliza, and Harry at last cross over into Canada from Lake Erie and obtain their freedom. In Louisiana, Tom’s faith is sorely tested by his hardships, and he nearly ceases to believe. He has two visions, however—one of Christ and one of Eva—which renew his spiritual strength and give him the courage to withstand Legree’s torments. He encourages Cassy to escape. She does so, taking Emmeline with her, after she devises a ruse in which she and Emmeline pretend to be ghosts. When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone, Legree orders his overseers to beat him. When Tom is near death, he forgives Legree and the overseers. George Shelby arrives with money in hand to buy Tom’s freedom, but he is too late. He can only watch as Tom dies a martyr’s death.
Taking a boat toward freedom, Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris’s sister and travel with her to Canada, where Cassy realizes that Eliza is her long-lost daughter. The newly reunited family travels to France and decides to move to Liberia, the African nation created for former American slaves. George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm, where, after his father’s death, he sets all the slaves free in honor of Tom’s memory. He urges them to think on Tom’s sacrifice every time they look at his cabin and to lead a pious Christian life, just as Tom did.






CHAPTER II
CHARACTER ANALYSIS OF “UNCLE TOM’S CABIN”

1.      PROTAGONIST
a.       Uncle Tom
He is a good and pious man, Even under the worst conditions, Uncle Tom always prays to God and finds a way to keep his faith.
b.      Aunt Chloe
She is Uncle Tom’s wife and the Shelbys’ cook. Chloe often acts like a jovial simpleton around the Shelbys to mask her more complex feelings.
c.       Arthur Shelby
Tom's master in Kentucky. Shelby is characterized as a "kind" slaveowner and a stereotypical Southern gentleman.
d.      Emily Shelby
Mr. Shelby’s wife, Emily Shelby is a loving, Christian woman who does not believe in slavery. She uses her influence with her husband to try to help the Shelbys’ slaves and is one of the novel’s many morally virtuous and insightful female characters.
e.       George Shelby
Called “Mas’r George” by Uncle Tom, George is the Shelbys’ good-hearted son. He loves Tom and promises to rescue him from the cruelty into which his father sold him. After Tom dies, he resolves to free all the slaves on the family farm in Kentucky. More morally committed than his father, George not only possesses a kind heart but acts on his principles.
f.       Eliza Harris
Mrs. Shelby's personal maid, the wife of George and the mother of little Harry. Eliza is a beautiful quadroon, meaning she is three-quarters white, and has a very spiritual and docile nature. She risks everything however, when she discovers that her son has been sold.
g.      Augustine St. Clare
Tom's master in New Orleans. He is is a very rich, romantic man who becomes very fond of Tom when he saves his daughter from drowning. St. Clare is an unstable man looking for faith, and Tom tries to aid him. He promises Tom his freedom, but unfortunately is killed in a bar before he can sign the papers.
h.      Eva St. Clare
St. Clare and Marie’s angelic daughter. Eva, also referred to in the book as Little Eva (her given name is Evangeline) is presented as an absolutely perfect child—a completely moral being and an unimpeachable Christian. She laments the existence of slavery and sees no difference between blacks and whites. After befriending Tom while still a young girl, Eva becomes one of the most important figures in his life.
i.        Miss Ophelia
St. Clare’s cousin from the North (Vermont) who comes to help him manage the household, Ophelia opposes slavery in the abstract. However, she finds actual slaves somewhat distasteful and harbors considerable prejudice against them. After Eva’s death, and through her relationship with Topsy, Ophelia realizes her failings and learns to see slaves as human beings.

2.      ANTAGONIS
a.      Simon Legree
Uncle Tom's evil and tyrranical final master. Legree is a Yankee who has moved to the South to make his money in the plantation business. An alcoholic, he brutalizes his slaves and forces them to live in sqaulid conditions. Because he does not have the respect of other slave-owners, Legree wants his slaves to grovel before him.
b.      Mr. Haley 
The slave trader who buys Uncle Tom and Harry from Mr. Shelby. A gruff, coarse man, Haley presents himself as a kind individual who treats his slaves well. Haley, however, mistreats his slaves, often violently.
c.       Marie St. Clare
Augustine's wife, who was once a popular Southern belle. Now, she is a hypochondiac who cares about no one but herself. She disapproves of her husband and daughter's close relations with the slaves and sells Tom and eleven others when her husband dies.

3.      MAJOR CHARACTERS
a.      Uncle Tom
b.      Aunt Chloe
c.       Arthur Shelby
d.      Emily Shelby
e.       George Shelby
f.       Eliza Harris
g.      Augustine St. Clare
h.      Eva St. Clare
i.        Miss Ophelia
j.        Simon Legree
k.      Mr. Haley
l.        Marie St. Clare

4.      MINOR CHARACTERS
a.      George Harris
Eliza’s husband and an intellectually curious and talented mulatto, George loves his family deeply and willingly fights for his freedom. He confronts the slave hunter Tom Loker and does not hesitate to shoot him when he imperils the family
b.      Harry Harris
He is Eliza and George’s son, a young boy.
c.       Alfred St. Clare
He is Augustine St. Clare’s twin brother. He is a brutal slave owner.


d.      Topsy
the slave girl whom St. Clare bought for Miss Ophelia to reform. Mistreated all her life, Topsy acts like the jovial, mischievious sprite she is and does not care what white people or slaves think of her. Topsy finally learns about love from Little Eva and moves to the North with Miss Ophelia at the end of the novel.
e.       Senator and Mrs. Bird
Mrs. Bird is another example of the virtuous woman. She tries to exert influence through her husband. Senator Bird exemplifies the well-meaning man who is sympathetic to the abolitionist cause but who nonetheless remains complacent or resigned to the status quo.
f.       Tom Loker
A slave hunter hired by Mr. Haley to bring back Eliza, Harry, and George, Tom Loker first appears as a gruff, violent man. George shoots him when he tries to capture them, and, after he is healed by the Quakers, Loker experiences a transformation and chooses to join the Quakers rather than return to his old life.
g.      Cassy
Legree's mistress and Eliza's mother. She is the only person on the plantation who can stand up to Legree, and she tries to protect Tom from his wrath. Cassy escapes the plantation by her shrewd wits, and later is reunited with her daughter.
h.      Emmeline
A young and beautiful slave girl whom Legree buys for himself, perhaps to replace Cassy as his mistress. She has been raised as a pious Christian.
i.        Sambo and Quimbo
Slaves of Simon Legree who act as overseers of the plantation. On orders from Legree, they savagely whip Tom but afterward tearfully repent of their deeds to Tom, who forgives them as he lies dying..
j.        Senator and Mrs. Bird
Mrs. Bird is another example of the virtuous woman. She tries to exert influence through her husband. Senator Bird exemplifies the well-meaning man who is sympathetic to the abolitionist cause but who nonetheless remains complacent or resigned to the status quo.














CHAPTER III
THE SETTING ANALYSIS OF “UNCLE TOM’S CABIN”

1.      The Setting of Time.
a.       Late afternoon on a cold day in February, Mr. Shelby having business with Haley about selling his slaves to exchange for the money Haley owed Mr. Shelby.
b.      The next day after Mr. Shelby and Haley Conversation was a decision time of slave-trade.
c.       February 20th, there was a big slave-trade in Slave Market.
d.      Two years since Tom left Kentucky, his friendship with Eva had grown stronger and stronger.

2.      The Setting of Place
a.       Kentucky Town, a small town in Washington, America. Mr. Shelby’s family and his slaves lived here.
b.      Cincinnati, a large town in Ohio, a free state.
c.       New Orleans, a large town in the North America, the center of the slave-trade.
d.      Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a small building made from wooden logs. Uncle Tom and his family lived here. It’s placed very close to Mr. Shelby’s House.
e.       Senate, a place where elected politicians meet (in Washington).
f.       Canada, a free Country in the north of America. Eliza wanted to escape there, because there was no slavery in Canada.
g.      Jail, a small prison in Slave market, where slaves placed here.
h.      Court-house, a public building where the officials decide if a person has done something is against the law.
i.        Louisville, a town in Kentucky.
j.        The Mississippi River, the most amazing river in America, the first time Tom saw Eva and His Father on the boat when they were passing this river.
k.      New England, a large town in South America. St. Clare’s family live here.
l.        Courtyard, a large open area on the inside of a castle or a large house.
m.    Swamp, an area of land near a lake or river that was always wet.


CHAPTER IV
THEME ANALYSIS OF “UNCLE TOM’S CABIN”

The main theme of this novel is about “the evil and immorality of slavery”. There are so many immortality slavery in this novel. Mr. Shelby decided to sell Uncle Tom and Harry because he had run up large debts. That was destroying Uncle Tom’s family and Harry’s family. Then, Marie St. Clare sold Uncle Tom to a brutal slave owner, Simon Legree. He brutalized Uncle Tom his other slaves and forced them to live in squalid conditions.

CHAPTER V
VALUES IN “UNCLE TOM’S CABIN”

            In this novel is told there were good slaveries and also immortally slaveries. We can find some values to learn from this novel. They are about:
ü  The struggle of a slave to get a freedom. She kept her hope until getting her goal. So, do not ever give up until we reach the goal.
ü  Freedom is never dear at any price. It is the breath of life.
ü  Freedom means you are unobstructed in living your life as you choose. Anything less is a form of slavery.
ü  The patience of a slave who always got immortally conduct as he lived. He always patient even he often whipped by his cruel master. So, always be patient even we gets difficulties, sorrows, and suffers as we live.
ü  A life of reaction is a life of slavery, intellectually and spiritually. One must fight for a life of action, not reaction.

Brief Synopsis of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
A kentucky farmer, Mr. Shelby and a slave trader, Mr. Haley, discuss how many slaves Mr. Shelby will need to sell in order to clear up his debt. Despite his misgivings, Mr. Shelby decides to sell Tom, a faithful and honest man, and Harry, the son of his wife’s favorite slave, Eliza.
Eliza's husband George Harris, unaware of Harry's danger, has already escaped, planning to later purchase his family's freedom. To protect her son, Eliza runs away, making a dramatic escape over the frozen Ohio River with Harry in her arms. Eventually the Harris family is reunited and journeys north to Canada.
Tom protects his family by choosing not to run away so the others may stay together. Sold south, he meets Topsy, a young, black girl whose mischievous behavior hides her pain; Eva, the angelic, young, white girl whose death moved Victorians to tears; charming, elegant but passive St. Clare; and finally, cruel, violent Simon Legree. Tom's deep faith gives him an inner strength that frustrates his enemies as he moves toward his fate in Louisiana.
Both Tom and Eliza escape slavery: Eliza and her family reach Canada; but Tom's freedom comes with death. Simon Legree, Tom's third and final master, has Tom whipped to death for refusing to deny his faith or betray the hiding place of two fugitive women.